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Sports fatigue is the reversible reduction in the ability to produce force or power under sustained effort. It has peripheral components (muscle fatigue: depletion of ATP, accumulation of Pi, H and lactate; alteration of the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) and central components (central fatigue: reduction of CNS excitation towards motor neurons). Muscle fatigue reduces F_0 and V_max of the Hill curve, shifting the peak power towards lower speeds and forces. Banister's fitness-fatigue model describes how athletic performance (represented as the difference between cumulative adaptation and cumulative fatigue) evolves with training. Fatigue reduces proprioceptive capacity and neuromuscular control, increasing the risk of injury at the end of training or competition. Recovery follows exponential patterns with time constants from hours (acute fatigue) to days or weeks (chronic fatigue).

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