A3 Fracture or Bone Deformation

Title

A3 models the mechanical and aerodynamic consequences of fractures or deformations in the wing skeletonhumerus, radius, ulna or carpus-metacarpuson flight capacity. Unlike metabolic or plumage anomalies, a fracture introduces two qualitatively different effects: a structural effect (the bone no longer transmits forces without deforming, limiting the effective wingspan and AR) and a symmetry effect (if only one wing is affected, the left and right lifts differ, generating a permanent rolling moment that the bird must actively compensate for). The model calculates the stress at the fracture point under aerodynamic loading, the resulting AR constraint, the induced drag increase, and the uncompensated roll moment as a function of injury severity. It also evaluates the damping time in the face of external disturbances, which increases with asymmetry.

ID:4213