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Joint failures include ligamentous injuries (sprains), meniscal damage, dislocations, and joint instability. Ligaments act as passive restraints on excessive joint movement; when the distraction force exceeds its ultimate resistance, injury occurs (grades I to III). Post-injury joint instability occurs because the torn ligament cannot limit abnormal joint displacement (laxity), which increases the risk of secondary injuries. Dislocation occurs when the joint contact force loses its normal direction: the tangential component overcomes the passive and active restriction of the joint. Joint contact pressure (Hertz model) is concentrated in reduced areas after injury, accelerating cartilage degradation. The viscoelastic spring model describes the response of the ligamentous complex under loading. Joint laxity is measured as joint displacement under a standard force (e.g., 150 N of anterior loading at the knee).

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ID:('ky', 473)

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ID:(0, 473)