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Energy losses in sports movement are classified as internal and external. Internal losses include viscous dissipation in muscles and soft tissues, coactivation of antagonist muscles (generating negative work while the agonist generates positive), acceleration and deceleration work of body segments, and tendon hysteresis (~410% of energy per cycle). External losses include aerodynamic drag (proportional to v³), surface friction, and collision work at foot-ground contact (which redirects the CM with each stride). The overall mechanical efficiency _mec = W_useful / E_metabolic is typically 2030% in cycling (efficient cyclic movement) and 4055% in running with good elastic recovery. Minimizing losses is achieved by optimizing cadence, posture, footwear and movement technique. Collision cost is the largest component of internal loss in racing.

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ID:('ky', 464)

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ID:(0, 464)