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Coupled modes describe the simultaneous combination of two or more simple modes into a single sporting action. Examples: the long jump combines running (M2) + jumping (M4) + ballistic flight with rotation (M6); The volleyball spike combines jumping (M4) + trunk rotation (M6) + hitting (M5); Alpine skiing combines turns (M7) + air fluid mode (M9) + dynamic balance (M8). The analysis of coupled modes requires a multibody model with the Newton-Euler equations for each segment, coupled through the joint reactions. The dynamics of a system of n segments produces a system of 6n differential equations. The work-energy theorem on the complete system integrates all joint power contributions. Optimal temporal coordination (timing) between coupled modes maximizes performance and minimizes joint stress; It is the result of motor learning and neuromotor optimization.

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ID:(0, 462)